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<h4>Background</h4>Alcohol is a major modifiable cause of morbidity, premature mortality and health inequalities, yet evidence informing "low-risk" thresholds and prevention strategies is fragmented.<h4>Methods</h4>Umbrella systematic review conducted according to PRISMA 2020 (protocol on OSF). PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched (Jan 2015-Mar 2026). An overlap-management approach selected an anchor synthesis per research question (Q1-Q37); supporting records were retained for triangulation. Quality appraisal used design-appropriate tools. Synthesis was narrative.<h4>Results</h4>Of 14,991 records, 49 were included (46 systematic reviews/meta-analyses, 2 WHO documents, 1 cross-sectional study) covering 37 pre-specified questions. Across most outcomes, higher intake and riskier patterns were associated with higher risk, with harms evident at levels often labelled 'moderate'. Any drinking increased injury odds (OR 2.80). Dose-response evidence showed steep gradients for cirrhosis (RR 9.35 in women and 2.82 in men at 40 g/day) and small but measurable increases in selected cancers at light drinking (e.g., breast cancer RR 1.05). In primary care, brief interventions reduced consumption at 12 months by -20 g/week. Pricing measures and some availability restrictions were directionally associated with lower consumption and harms, whereas evidence for other policy levers was more heterogeneous.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Overall evidence favoured lower alcohol intake and avoidance of heavy episodic drinking, although confidence varied by endpoint and was limited for several questions by the quality of the available syntheses. Apparent low-dose benefits were not robust to bias-aware analyses. These findings support a pragmatic counselling and policy message of "less is better" rather than a universal safe threshold.…

PMID: 41887989

Consensus has not been reached on safe alcohol consumption recommendations during pregnancy. The National Institutes for Care and Health Excellence (NICE) in the UK suggest that one to two drinks not more than twice per week is safe. However, the speech and language effects of even low levels of alcohol use among offspring are unknown. The aim of this study was to review systematically the evidence on studies of the effect of low to moderate levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy (up to 70 grams of alcohol per week) compared to abstinence on speech and language outcomes in children. Using medical subject headings, PubMed, Web of knowledge, Scopus, Embase, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception up to March 2012. Case control and cohort studies were included. Two assessors independently reviewed titles, abstracts and full articles, extracted data and assessed quality. A total of 1,397 titles and abstracts were reviewed of which 51 full texts were retrieved. Three cohort studies totaling 10,642 women met the inclusion criteria. All three studies, (United States (2) and Australia (1)) indicated that language was not impaired as a result of low to moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Two studies were judged to be of low quality based on a six-item bias classification tool. Due to heterogeneity, results could not be meta-analyzed. Studies included in this review do not provide sufficient evidence to confirm or refute an association between low to moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and speech and language outcomes in children. High quality, population based studies are required to establish the safety of low to moderate levels of alcohol use such as those set out by the NICE guidelines in the UK.…

PMID: 24383422

Reducing indoor air pollution and the related costs requires developing efficient cooking and lighting technologies as well as alternative energy sources. The appropriateness of virgin jatropha (Jatropha curcas) oil, its biodiesel, and the blending of these fuels with kerosene for wick stove lighting and cooking was examined in this study. To describe the fuel performance, a range of blending ratios were examined and characterizations were made of the fuel's density, calorific value, boiling point, viscosity, and rate of fuel consumption. To assess the fuels' thermal degradation behaviors, thermogravimetric and water boiling tests were performed. An air pollution meter was used to describe the levels of indoor air pollution. According to the findings, the virgin oil from Jatropha has a kinematic viscosity of 30.1 mm²/s. The 50% jatropha oil and 80% biodiesel blended with kerosene showed a reduction in viscosity of 72.6% and 46.8%, respectively. The thermal efficiency of the virgin oil, its biodiesel, and blending of these fuels with kerosene was in the range of 10-48%. Complete degradation of jatropha oil, its biodiesel, and 40 : 60 ratio of jatropha biodiesel and kerosene blend was conducted in the temperature range of 480-700 k, 185-280.6 K, and 100-300 K, respectively. The activation energies of jatropha oil, biodiesel, and kerosene blend (40 : 60) were 191.3, 73, and 25 kJ/mol, respectively. The average concentrations of particulate matter and carbon monoxide for pure jatropha oil biodiesel were 209.71 <i>µ</i>g/m³ and 5.5 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, jatropha biodiesel and its blending with kerosene are suitable fuels for cooking and lighting operations in rural communities who are living far from the electrical grid compared with virgin oil fuel.…

PMID: 39376219

Acrylamide is a chemical compound that can form in certain foods during high-temperature cooking processes like frying, roasting, and baking. The presence of acrylamide in used cooking oil has environmental impact; therefore, the purification of used oils may reduce the environmental risks. Nowadays, biochar, a porous carbonaceous material derived from biomass pyrolysis can added to crystalline porous materials called metal-organic framework (MOF), these combination lead to fantastic properties for adsorption of contaminants. Here, ZIF-8@Biocharas adsorbents were synthesized for purification of the used frying oil from many pollutants, including, acrylamides, acids and peroxides. First, surface and pore properties, and morphologies of the adsorbents were determined using different characterization techniques. The used frying oil was treated with 0.5% (w/w) ZIF-8@Biochar and ZIF-8 MOF to remove free fatty acid (FFA), the results showed reduction by 80.6% and 32.2%, respectively. Likewise, peroxide value reductions ranged from 70.6% with the same adsorbent. The residues of acrylamide were determined by GC-MS/MS. whereas acid and peroxide values were determined by titration methods. This study showed an economical solution for reducing acrylamide, acid value, and peroxide value in used cooking oil for improving safety and quality of used oil.…

PMID: 41318769

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause congenital disabilities. J. Roquette, P. Lemoine and K.L. Jones were the first to describe these effects. In 1973, Jones and Smith coined the term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome to describe children with facial anomalies, poor growth, and learning difficulties. The caution against drinking during pregnancy has existed for centuries, including in The Bible (Judges 13:3-4). Maternal alcohol consumption is linked to congenital disabilities. To ensure safety, it is advised to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) was observed in paintings from the mid-19th century when artists began depicting moments and characters from everyday life. In 2005-2006, Italy conducted a groundbreaking study on FASD, the first in Europe. The study resulted in valuable research on FASD, contributing to prevention efforts. Unfortunately, diagnosing FASD remains a challenge in Italy. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical, and increasing the number of authorized centers to diagnose FASD is necessary to improve care. Educating ourselves about FASD is the key to creating a world where affected children receive the care they need. These guidelines include nine works dealing with all FASD aspects such as prevention, the effects on cognition, the epidemiology, the diagnostic criteria, the clinical aspects, the general effects on the body, the available treatments and the methods of detecting alcohol abuse in pregnant women.…

PMID: 39470670

to establish national standards of care for the screening and recording of alcohol use and counselling on alcohol use of women of child-bearing age and pregnant women based on the most up-to-date evidence. published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library in May 2009 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., pregnancy complications, alcohol drinking, prenatal care) and key words (e.g., pregnancy, alcohol consumption, risk reduction). Results were restricted to literature published in the last five years with the following research designs: systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to May 2010. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment (HTA) and HTA-related agencies, national and international medical specialty societies, clinical practice guideline collections, and clinical trial registries. Each article was screened for relevance and the full text acquired if determined to be relevant. The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the members of the Expert Workgroup established by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. The quality of evidence was evaluated and recommendations were made according to guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. the quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. these consensus guidelines have been endorsed by the Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Quebec; the Canadian Association of Midwives; the Canadian Association of Perinatal, Women's Health and Neonatal Nurses (CAPWHN); the College of Family Physicians of Canada; the Federation of Medical Women of Canada; the Society of Rural Physicians of Canada; and Motherisk. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: 1. There is evidence that alcohol consumption in pregnancy can cause fetal harm. (II-2) There is insufficient evidence regarding fetal safety or harm at low levels of alcohol consumption in pregnancy. (III) 2. There is insufficient evidence to define any threshold for low-level drinking in pregnancy. (III) 3. Abstinence is the prudent choice for a woman who is or might become pregnant. (III) 4. Intensive culture-, gender-, and family-appropriate interventions need to be available and accessible for women with problematic drinking and/or alcohol dependence. (II-2). 1. Universal screening for alcohol consumption should be done periodically for all pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. Ideally, at-risk drinking could be identified before pregnancy, allowing for change. (II-2B) 2. Health care providers should create a safe environment for women to report alcohol consumption. (III-A) 3. The public should be informed that alcohol screening and support for women at risk is part of routine women's health care. (III-A) 4. Health care providers should be aware of the risk factors associated with alcohol use in women of reproductive age. (III-B) 5. Brief interventions are effective and should be provided by health care providers for women with at-risk drinking. (II-2B) 6. If a woman continues to use alcohol during pregnancy, harm reduction/treatment strategies should be encouraged. (II-2B) 7. Pregnant women should be given priority access to withdrawal management and treatment. (III-A) 8. Health care providers should advise women that low-level consumption of alcohol in early pregnancy is not an indication for termination of pregnancy. (II-2A).…

PMID: 21172102

PMID: 3932869

PMID: PMC12966814