דו״ח מאומת

Soy sauce is a major source of dietary sodium in Malaysia. Reformulating soy sauce to reduce its sodium content may help lower population salt intake. This study aimed to (1) assess sodium content of Malaysian soy sauces; (2) evaluate manufacturer readiness for reformulation; (3) develop reduced sodium soy sauce formulations; and (4) determine consumer acceptability and shelf life stability. A mixed-methods study was conducted in two phases: (1) needs assessment through sodium analysis of 102 soy sauces from supermarkets and interviews with 19 employees; and (2) development of reduced sodium soy sauce formulations, followed by consumer sensory testing (n = 52) and accelerated shelf life assessment. Salty (4987 ± 1429 mg/100 g) and light soy sauces (5710 ± 1488 mg/100 g) contained significantly higher sodium than sweet soy sauces (3368 ± 863 mg/100 g; p < 0.05). Manufacturers acknowledged the importance of salt reduction but cited barriers including consumer acceptance, regulatory requirements, costs, and limited research and development capacity. Among the reformulated products, soy sauce with 9% salt plus yeast extract (≈3600 mg sodium/100 g) was most preferred and remained shelf-stable for one year. Reformulation of soy sauce with lower sodium content is feasible without compromising safety or palatability. Wider adoption by manufacturers, supported by incentives and regulatory adjustments, could reduce population salt intake in Malaysia.…

PMID: 41315354

Dietary fiber has many functions in diet, one of which may be to aid in energy intake control and reduced risk for development of obesity. The role of dietary fiber in energy intake regulation and obesity development is related to its unique physical and chemical properties that aid in early signals of satiation and enhanced or prolonged signals of satiety. Early signals of satiation may be induced through cephalic- and gastric-phase responses related to the bulking effects of dietary fiber on energy density and palatability, whereas the viscosity-producing effects of certain fibers may enhance satiety through intestinal-phase events related to modified gastrointestinal function and subsequent delay in fat absorption. The goal of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the role of dietary fiber in energy intake regulation, highlighting the relationship between fiber properties and physiologic action.…

PMID: 10721886

Dietary energy density (ED) has been suggested as an important determinant of energy intake and, therefore, energy regulation. This review summarizes published studies on the effects of dietary ED on hunger, satiety, energy intake, and body weight in healthy individuals, and compares the relative effects of ED manipulated by dietary fat only, fat and fiber, water, and type of sweetener. In short-term studies, consumption of low-ED foods promotes satiety, reduces hunger, and decreases energy intake with no marked differences between different dietary manipulations used to change ED. In addition, low-ED diets promote moderate weight loss in long-term studies. In studies lasting longer than 6 months, weight loss was more than three times as great in individuals consuming diets both low in fat and high in fiber compared with diets only low in fat (-3.4 kg versus -1.0 kg). Combined, these studies suggest that diets low in fat and high in fiber may be the most effective low-ED diets for promoting weight loss. Further research is needed on the effects of dietary ED by changing water or sweetener content.…

PMID: 11518179

In an 'obesogenic' environment, getting people to eat appropriate amounts is challenging. Several food-based strategies have the potential to promote satiety and moderate energy intake. Components of foods such as macronutrients and functional ingredients can affect satiety; however, for weight management a more comprehensive approach is needed that emphasizes behavioral strategies to improve the overall diet. Research shows that large portions of energy-dense foods facilitate overconsumption and that reductions in portion size and energy density are associated with reduced energy intake. While this suggests that people should eat smaller portions, recent data show that if people lower the energy density of their diet, they can continue to eat their usual amount of food while limiting calories. Furthermore, serving larger portions of low-energy-dense foods can be used strategically to encourage their consumption and reduce dietary energy density, and this has been shown to be associated with decreased energy intake while maintaining satiety. This new understanding of how portion size can be used positively to manage energy intake has the potential to help people achieve sustainable improvements in their energy intake and bodyweight. Science-based strategies that increase the availability of affordable nutrient-rich, lower energy-dense foods are urgently needed.…

PMID: 23128764

The purpose of this review is to discuss macronutrient replacement options for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to optimize cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Dietary recommendations advise decreasing SFAs. There is convincing evidence that replacing SFAs with unsaturated fat, both omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, reduces CVD risk. Monounsaturated fatty acid substitution for SFAs also decreases CVD risk. Replacing SFAs with refined carbohydrate does little to alter CVD risk, whereas whole-grain CHO or lean protein substitutions beneficially affect CVD risk. Modifying the macronutrient composition of the diet by replacing SFAs with unsaturated fatty acids, as well as lean protein and carbohydrate from whole grains, all lower CVD risk. Research is needed to identify food sources of macronutrients that optimize CVD risk reduction.…

PMID: 24345985

The general health message to the public about meat consumption is both confusing and misleading. It is stated that meat is not good for health because meat is rich in fat and cholesterol and high intakes are associated with increased blood cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). This paper reviewed 54 studies from the literature in relation to red meat consumption and CHD risk factors. Substantial evidence from recent studies shows that lean red meat trimmed of visible fat does not raise total blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Dietary intake of total and saturated fat mainly comes from fast foods, snack foods, oils, spreads, other processed foods and the visible fat of meat, rather than lean meat. In fact, lean red meat is low in saturated fat, and if consumed in a diet low in SFA is associated with reductions in LDL-cholesterol in both healthy and hypercholesterolemia subjects. Lean red meat consumption has no effect on in vivo and ex vivo production of thromboxane and prostacyclin or the activity of haemostatic factors. Lean red meat is also a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, niacin, zinc and iron. In conclusion, lean red meat, trimmed of visible fat, which is consumed in a diet low in saturated fat does not increase cardiovascular risk factors (plasma cholesterol levels or thrombotic risk factors).…

PMID: 15927927

The satiety values of six breakfast items commonly consumed in India were determined on the basis of area under the curve. A repeated measures design was used wherein energy intake, hunger, and satiety scores were assessed for one rice-based, three wheat-based and a rice-pulse fermented preparation, using white bread as the reference. Subjects were provided equi-caloric portions of the six breakfast items on separate occasions, and satiety ratings were recorded every 15 min over a 120 min period, after which time they were free to consume whatever they desired. Satiety scores were in the order of fermented cereal-pulse preparation> savoury broken wheat preparation>whole wheat flour flat bread>savoury semolina preparation> savoury rice flakes preparation>white bread standard. Among the various factors examined for their influence on satiety scores, fibre content, energy density and cooked weight of the food items positively influenced satiety scores. Neither fat nor carbohydrate content showed any correlation with satiety scores. These data indicate that isoenergetic portions of various foods influence satiety to different extents. Thus results suggest that consumption of high protein, high fibre and foods with greater water/volume leading to low energy density may be effective in delaying the return of hunger.…

PMID: 15927728

This review examines the glycemic impact of cereal and legume-based bakery products and their potential role in chronic disease management, particularly in type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The primary objective is to assess the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of bakery products made from cereals such as wheat and barley, and legumes like chickpeas, and to explore their effects on postprandial blood glucose response. Cereal-based products typically exhibit higher GIs (55-80), while legume-based bakery products demonstrate lower GIs (40-50), potentially contributing to better glycemic control. Incorporating legumes into bakery formulations can lower their glycemic index by up to 25 %. Legume-enriched bakery products may effectively manage blood glucose and reduce chronic disease risks like diabetes. However, more long-term studies are needed to confirm their broader benefits. This review emphasizes the need for innovation to improve the nutritional and sensory appeal of functional foods.…

PMID: 39568514